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Showing posts with label Gardening. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Gardening. Show all posts

Friday, May 22, 2009

12 Vegetables with the Most Pesticides

pesticides-in-veggies-sweet-bell-peppers-photo.jpg
Sweet bell peppers are atop the list of vegetables found with the most pesticide residue; on a single pepper, there were 11 different pesticides found. The peppers also had 64 pesticides, in total, found on the sample.

The tests, conducted by the Environmental Working Group (recently named as one of our Best of Green award winners, as the Best Natural-Health News Website) and published as part of their Shopper's Guide to Pesticides, are part of the group's ongoing efforts to educate the world about the environmental health implications of what we consume and use every day.

Photo credit: Getty Images / Robin MacDougallBy Collin Dunn, Corvallis, OR, USA
on April 28, 2009 10:01 AM


pesticides-in-veggies-celery-photo.jpg
Celery ranks #2 on the list, with the highest of percentage of samples test positive for pesticides -- a whopping 94.1 percent -- and the highest likelihood of multiple pesticides on a single vegetable, with 79.8 percent testing positive for more than one pesticide. So, though celery is one food whose price has recently risen, it's worth it to find it grown organically.
Photo credit: Getty Images / Medioimages / Photodisc
By Collin Dunn, Corvallis, OR, USA
on April 28, 2009 10:01 AM


pesticides-in-veggies-kale-photo.jpg
Kale is the first of a handful of leafy vegetables on the list, at #3. 53.1 percent of the samples tested had multiple pesticides, and 10 different pesticides were found on one sample. Once you find an organic variety of kale, it's a delicious and versatile vegetable; try Kelly's Kale & Potato Stew recipe over at Planet Green.
Photo credit: Getty Images / Simon Brown
By Collin Dunn, Corvallis, OR, USA
on April 28, 2009 10:01 AM


pesticides-in-veggies-basket-organic-lettuce-photo.jpg
Lettuce checks in next, with nine different pesticides found on one single sample, and 57 different pesticides overall. And, while washing definitely can help cut back on pesticides, there's no skin on lettuce to protect the inner flesh -- like with, say, a banana -- so lettuce is one vegetable where seeking out organic varieties is worth your time and money.

Try Emeril's Lettuce Soup recipe or Kelly's classic Caesar salad to enjoy the best of lettuce's leafy goodness.


Photo credit: Getty Images / Martin Harvey
By Collin Dunn, Corvallis, OR, USA
on April 28, 2009 10:01 AM


pesticides-in-veggies-carrots-photo.jpg
Carrots, at #5, are the first vegetable on the list that grows underground to have a high pesticide load. 82.3 percent of tested samples had pesticides found on them, and had 40 different pesticides found in total, so a few inches of soil aren't enough to keep many pesticides away.

Once you find a seasonal, organic source for carrots, they're a wonderfully sweet, versatile vegetable that can be used in a huge variety of ways; try this Carrot & Lentil Soup, Maple-Roasted Carrots, or Carrot Cake for just a few ways to enjoy this delicious taproot.


Photo credit: Getty Images / Michael Blann
By Collin Dunn, Corvallis, OR, USA
on April 28, 2009 10:01 AM

pesticides-in-veggies-collard-greens-photo.jpg
Collard greens mark the list's return to leafy vegetables at #6. The hearty green, most often braised, are grown in a variety of climates and seasons, making appearances in farmers' markets on an almost year-round basis in some places. As such, if you can get a good, organic source for collards, you can eat green with them for months out of the year, but going organic is definitely a worthwhile choice.
Photo credit: Getty Images / Trinette Reed
By Collin Dunn, Corvallis, OR, USA
on April 28, 2009 10:01 AM

pesticides-in-veggies-green-spinach-photo.jpg
Spinach is the last leafy green on the list, coming in at #7. Used in everything from dips to creamy soup to electricity (really!), spinach can also be used to make a simple, elegant salad.
Photo credit: Getty Images / Susan Trigg
By Collin Dunn, Corvallis, OR, USA
on April 28, 2009 10:01 AM


pesticides-in-veggies-potatoes-photo.jpg
Potatoes take the list back underground; the tuber has been cultivated for 10,000 years (according to the Electronic Journal of Biotechnology) and are the 8th-most pesticide-laden vegetable. If you can find them grown organically, in addition to baked, mashed, fried, and otherwise cooked, potatoes are an excellent candidate for raw preparation (provided you can dehydrate them), including as curried potato chips.
Photo credit: ExperienceLA @ Flickr
By Collin Dunn, Corvallis, OR, USA
on April 28, 2009 10:01 AM


pesticides-in-veggies-green-beans-photo.jpg
Whether you prefer them fresh or baked in casserole, cultivate them from a bush or a pole, or oven-roasted or preserved, green beans round out the top 10 pesticide-laden veggies. The beans, rich in Vitamin C and distributed fresh, frozen, or canned, are usually served with the pods intact, so a thorough washing is their only defense against pesticides. Since that won't get them all off, we think it's best to buy them organic whenever possible.
Photo credit: Chasqui @ Flickr
By Collin Dunn, Corvallis, OR, USA
on April 28, 2009 10:01 AM


pesticides-in-veggies-summer-squash-photo.jpg
Summer squash and zucchini round out the top 10; though they're only around for a few weeks in the summer (unless you don't mind a large carbon footprint to go with your pesticides, and buy them trucked or flown in from Mexico or South America), their pesticide load can still pack a punch. When you buy them organic, try them in Emeril's Summer Veggie Saute, or give 'em a quick bath in balsalmic vinegar and olive oil before tossing them on the grill.
Photo credit: Getty Images / Stockbyte
By Collin Dunn, Corvallis, OR, USA
on April 28, 2009 10:01 AM


pesticides-in-veggies-peppers-photo.jpg
Peppers are next on the list. The (usually) spicy veggie's heat may come from the seeds, but the pepper itself can carry a heavy pesticide load. Finding them grown organically can be tricky, but when you do, try this Chili Pepper and Black Bean Salsa as a zesty alternative to store-bought salsa.
Photo credit: Kyle May @ Flickr
By Collin Dunn, Corvallis, OR, USA
on April 28, 2009 10:01 AM


pesticides-in-veggies-cucumber-photo.jpg
Cucumbers round out this dirty dozen. While you can get your cucumber fix from cucumber soda now, the veggie is most often eaten fresh or lightly cooked, as with Emeril's Cucumber Saute with Basil & Mint. If you're a fan of the 'cuke,' it's worth your time to find them grown organically, and you can enjoy homemade pickles or gazpacho without worrying about eating a side dish of pesticides, too.

More about pesticides in fruits and veggies
EWG's Shopper's Guide to Pesticides
12 Fruits with the Most Pesticides
Avoid Pesticides in Fruit and Veggies


Photo credit: Getty Images / Alex Cao
By Collin Dunn, Corvallis, OR, USA
on April 28, 2009 10:01 AM

Saturday, March 7, 2009

餿水變黑金

台北 巧文

  廚餘不是廢棄物,它可以變成黑金,化作春泥更護花!劉力學先生是隱居在東北角海岸的加拿大人,為了解決社區裡令人頭大的餿水問題,這個台灣女婿,基於對這片土地的熱愛,運用他的科學精神與知識,潛心跟著大自然學習,樂當下一波農業革命的先驅。

廚餘堆肥吸水強
 防旱防澇淨水質

   民國九十年九月納莉颱風侵襲台灣,挾帶豐沛的雨量,橫掃全省,降雨量創台灣四百年來的新高。住在白沙灣附近德茂村的劉力學,整夜輾轉難眠,外面傾盆大 雨,積水及胸,戶外露天堆放的一百噸廚餘堆肥,恐怕已被大水沖散殆盡,多時努力的成果,或許化為烏有。天剛亮,他立即出門查看,出乎意料地,堆肥完好無 恙!他扒開表面檢查內部,有一個更令人驚訝的發現,只有外面三十公分左右是溼的,堆肥的吸水性竟然這麼強!

  這個結果馬 上激發劉力學的探究欲望,隨即著手做實驗,找來容器在底部打洞,裝入兩公斤的堆肥,然後不斷加水,一直加到超過六公升,才開始滴水。之後,他又做了第二個 實驗,將一公斤的堆肥混合一公斤的紅土,此時需加到十二公升以上才開始滴水,也就是堆肥混入等量的紅土之後,吸水量增加四倍。

   這個實驗結果讓劉力學非常振奮,這表示廚餘堆肥除了可以供給農作物豐富的天然養分外,在環保上還有非凡的價值。混入紅土的堆肥,擁有如此高的的吸水性, 可以涵養水分;苗栗以北山區多為紅土,若能在水源區使用廚餘堆肥,既可防治旱災及水災,更能預防土石流的爆發,而且它還具有過濾、淨化水質的功能,我們將 可以重新擁有清淨的水源。熱愛大自然的劉力學,對環保格外關切,主動將實驗成果和學術單位及政府機關分享,希望這個好處由公家推廣,期待台灣在不久的將 來,回復福爾摩沙的美譽。

光鮮亮麗科技人
 樂當環保收ㄆㄨㄣ郎

   劉力學是遠從魁北克來的法裔加拿大人,一九六四年應輔仁大學之邀到台灣,預備在輔大成立工學院;一九六六年進入台大物理系就讀,成為台大第一位外籍學 生,就此與台灣結下不解之緣,落地生根。後來輔大工學院籌設喊停,但是他已深深愛上這個小島,決定留在台灣工作。此時他得知惠普有意在台灣成立分公司,便 積極爭取這個工作機會,如願成為惠普台灣分公司第一位負責人,也因此促成中文電腦的誕生。還有一點值得記上一筆,阿波羅十一號首度登陸月球,他也扮演了推 手的角色,幫助解決電腦方面的問題;退休前他的職務是神通電腦的副總裁。

  這樣一位科技背景的外國人,怎麼會跟廚餘堆肥扯上關係呢?

   廚餘,台語稱為ㄆㄨㄣ,早期台灣到處看得到ㄆㄨㄣ桶,有人專門收集拿來養豬。它的酸臭味,讓人掩鼻而過,我們很難想像一個外國科技人會去收ㄆㄨㄣ!當初 劉力學是為了解決社區焚化爐內湯湯水水的問題,而開始動念頭想製作堆肥。家庭廚餘是台灣飲食習慣特有的產物,混入垃圾不僅無法完全燃燒,更會降低焚化爐的 壽命,在焚化過程,鹽和塑膠素材,也容易產生戴奧辛等有毒氣體,因此劉力學便在社區推動垃圾分類。資源垃圾可以交給環保單位,廚餘怎麼辦呢?只有製成堆肥 一途。

  劉力學是那種遇到問題就會去研究,想辦法解決,並且身體力行的人。他可不是說說就算,他輾轉向台大農化系吳三和 教授求救。吳教授告訴他,要有足夠量的ㄆㄨㄣ才可以,起碼要堆至一‧五公尺高約七噸的量。他二話不說,果真就開始收ㄆㄨㄣ。每天三點多起床,天色未亮就開 車到處收ㄆㄨㄣ,數年來從未打過退堂鼓,越做越起勁。從一個光鮮亮麗、乾乾淨淨的科技人,變成與髒臭的廚餘為伍的收ㄆㄨㄣ人,我們從他身上卻看不出這兩種 角色有任何衝突,不管做什麼事,他都樂在其中,研究廚餘堆肥也不例外,在他眼中,那可是價值不菲的「黑金」呢!

餿水並非垃圾物
 廚餘也能變黑金

   透過吳教授提供理論基礎,劉力學不斷嘗試,有問題立即回報討論。八十八年秋開始實驗,克服許多困難,雖然家人抱怨惡臭,但他從未氣餒。一個多月後,第一 堆廚餘堆肥成功誕生了。接下來他持續觀察研究,針對不同的狀況,找出最適宜的方法。通常收集來的廚餘,先讓它慢慢流出其中的液體,儲存起來,等堆肥溫度逐 漸升高,變得較為乾燥時再噴灑回去,保持濕度以利發酵。如果有異味就增加稻殼、木屑的量,總之,保持氮、碳比例為一比三十,依溫度、濕度調整,只要做對 了,就不會有臭味。同時他又把收集下來的液體加入糖漿做成液肥,幾乎是百分之百利用,毫不浪費。

  這個階段堆肥表面三、 四公分處,住滿各種肥肥胖胖的蛆,劉力學直接用手扒開給我們看,果真蠕動迅速,活力充沛,他說這是堆肥極佳的蛋白質來源。約三十天後不再流出汁液,蛆也不 再出現,這時要定期翻攪,讓氧氣進入幫助腐熟。一般大約一百天左右就完全腐熟,有的材質需要一百二十天或者再久一點。劉力學說:「不要勉強它,你要觀察, 順應大自然的規律。」腐熟完成的堆肥,不再有異味,而且發酵過程內部溫度高達攝氏七、八十度,很多有害物質如抗生素、農藥等物質也分解掉了。

   做好的堆肥,每公克中都有上億的微生物,富含有機質,適合農作物的生長,劉力學又開始新的嘗試,培植蔬菜。他帶著大夥參觀他的菜園,順手抓起一棵剛採收 的青江菜,鮮翠肥美,算算大概有二十幾公分長。他自豪地說:「看!沒有一個蟲蛀的洞!」秘訣是什麼?就是用他自製的廚餘堆肥!裡面有豐富的微生物,透由微 生物的媒介,根部能充分吸收堆肥中豐富的營養素,自然長得健康又能抵抗蟲害。

  菜之所以會被蟲吃,是因為本身不健康,抵 抗力低。以有機菜而言,會發生蟲害,若非根部受傷,讓植株不健康,就是開始老化,抵抗力逐漸下降,蟲兒就趁虛而入。舉個例子來說,青江菜收成期大約是二十 一天,白菜是十八、十九天,採收時間是關鍵點,如果看到菜上有洞還不快採收,隔天一半以上的菜都會被蟲吃了。

  雖然慣行 農法可以透過化學肥料提供大量的氮、磷、鉀,使蔬菜快快長大,然而只是「虛胖」,並沒有抵抗病蟲害的能力,所以必需使用農藥。有機耕作採用有機肥,讓蔬菜 健康的成長,不但沒有化學肥料導致土地鹽化、酸化、耗竭地力的後遺症,也沒有農藥污染的問題,既能維持自然生態,也可以讓耕耘者、食用者都得到安心與健 康。

利用太陽能發電
 觀察研究順自然

   三分多的菜園,一部分是溫室,種了青椒、白菜,還有各色各樣的葉菜類。打開溫室的門,一陣涼風襲來……「好涼啊!」抬頭看看門的上方,原來不是裝了冷 氣,而是裝了一台電風扇。一台電風扇就有這麼好的效果?沒錯!劉力學說,透過風扇往外抽,空氣就能對流,可以降溫十度呢!如果室外是攝氏三十五度,那麼裝 了電扇的溫室就只有二十五度,不但避免蔬菜「中暑」,更可以防止蚜蟲滋生!可是溫室位在靜僻的角落,電力要從哪兒來呢?視線沿著電線找去,原來是接到旁邊 一張朝天的板子上,是太陽能發電啊!真不愧是科技人出身,在場的人都忍不住嘆服!

  回憶兩年半前開始搭溫室、學種菜,劉 力學剛開始也是一點概念都沒有。由於對水、土壤種種的不了解,所以有不少失敗的經驗,直到最近一年半才上了軌道。以種番茄為例,最初一批結的果實都不能 吃,因為每個番茄裡都有蟲在蠕動,於是他找來幾個有機耕作的夥伴商量。其中吳三和教授語重心長地鼓勵他:「你不要放棄!你要繼續試,繼續澆你的水、繼續施 你的肥,會有動物來幫你的。」

  劉力學相信吳教授的專業,繼續做下去,沒想到後來真的出現果蠅的天敵,使果蠅漸漸減少。 靠著自然界自我平衡的力量,一個星期之後,二十幾顆番茄中,已經有五、六顆可以吃;一個月後,收成的五十顆裡有四十顆是好的;而一年後的現在,已經達到每 天收成一百顆的規模,其中往往只有一顆有蟲。

  剛收成的一籃番茄嫩紅可愛,劉力學努力找出一顆被蟲蛀了大洞的給大家看。 他說:「別看它被蟲吃成這樣,裡面可是好的!」在大家好奇的眼光下,劉力學拿起水果刀從蛀洞的地方切開,哇!裡面真的是好的,飽滿的果肉,既沒有爛也沒 臭,讓人相當驚訝,他解釋,這是因為健康的番茄在蟲咬過的地方生出了一層保護膜,所以不會爛進去。

  一般慣行農法種植的 番茄株,只能長到第三、四節就不能再往上長,可是劉力學的番茄卻可以長到第七節還繼續結果,可見其健康豐沛的生命力。他對這樣的進展感到自豪,說:「原來 植物生存在地球上的時間比我們人類久,當它們想活下去的時候,只要我們給它支持的力量(有機肥),它們會自己想辦法跟蟲害對抗,不必用農藥去殺蟲。」

哪裡沒有服務好
 打開心門細傾聽

  葉菜類、番茄的種植方法熟練了,以不斷學習、迎接新挑戰為樂的劉力學當然不會就此滿足,接下來他還要挑戰小黃瓜與豆類的栽種。去年他就種過小黃瓜了,不太成功,因為被蟲吃得厲害,長不好。今年我們來拜訪他時,新一批小黃瓜已經種了三個多星期,有的還是被蟲「叮」彎了。

   不過,這六十三歲的人還是很開朗地把小黃瓜栽種列為目前的新鮮課題。他每天都會觀察小黃瓜,看看哪一條彎起來。研究它的位置、水土、光線……再觀察附近 沒有被蟲兒「盯上」的小黃瓜,想想為什麼蟲不會吃它?對於被蟲吃的小黃瓜,「我到底是哪裡沒有服務好?」這種對植物溫柔、細心又有耐心的態度,令人不禁莞 爾卻又深深佩服。

  「讓大自然來教你,當它來臨的時候,別忘了打開你的門、你的窗,讓訊息通通都進來。你先全部接納,然 後不要看壞的,好的才把它收起來……我天天都可以看到大自然的奇蹟!」劉力學先生如是說。許多人都愛好大自然,可是要從一個叱癍電腦界的高科技份子,變成 以身體力行、收餿水、做堆肥、耕地種菜的農夫,劉力學生命格局所開展的仍是一般人無法想像的遼闊。一位參觀過他有機農園的人問他:「你的生命中曾經消沉低 潮嗎?」你猜他怎麼回答:「連一秒鐘都沒有過!」

  他每天清晨三點半起床,第一件事就是上網收信找資料,接下來展開忙碌 的一天:耕作、收廚餘、種種勞務、接待一批又一批來參訪的個人、團體,還要出門與機關單位分享廚餘堆肥的經驗……這不禁令人想起他的中文名字──力學,這 個名字取得真好!因為他的的確確是個「努力學習」的人,也是個快樂學習、又願意分享的人,好像永遠都保持赤子的活力與熱忱,對世間一切事物充滿好奇,即使 遇到困難或挫折,也能既認真又輕鬆、既踏實又不疲厭地學習跟超越,彷彿沒有一件事難得倒他!只要找出正確的方法、肯學、肯努力,沒有事情是不能成功的!

Monday, July 14, 2008